About The Watergate Scandal - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2367 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Watergate Scandal Essay Did you like this example? The Watergate Scandal took place at the Watergate hotel on June 17, 1972 where 5 men broke into the Democratic National Committee’s Headquarters, stole important documents and illegally placed recording devices in the office phones. This caused a disruption in all political engagements and changed the viewpoints of many citizens against people in higher authorities. President Nixon’s involvement in this and many horrendous phenomenons cost him not only his presidency but his reputation as well. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About The Watergate Scandal" essay for you Create order The Scandal opened the eyes of America and brought triumphs especially Nixon’s resignation after almost being impeached for unlawful acts in the oval office and abusing his power as president. He commited treason? to maintain a fine reputation and brought a tragedy and a constitutional nightmare upon the United States. This led to the beginning of a newer, superior, and legitimate Governmental Branch and a change on how the United States is controlled. [Treason is a very strong word and I do not believe Nixon was legally treasonous. Treason means traitor. Did he sell/give United States’ secrets to foreign governments?] Although the Watergate Scandal was the biggest turning point for the country it wasn’t the only shocking outbreak that swept the nation. On June 1971 Daniel Ellsberg was responsible for exposing the Pentagon Papers to The New York Times and The Washington Post who later released it to the rest of the world. Daniel Ellsberg, who served as a U.S. Marine Corps officer from 1954 to 1957 worked as a strategic analyst at the RAND Corporation and the Department of Defense. He studied all of the basics of The Vietnam War. If you didn’t know, The Vietnam War was a conflict between the United sStates and Vietnam from 1955 until 1975. This war began because the United States believed the communist government of North Vietnam would take over Ssouth vietnam. They went to war to prevent this from happening. Ellsberg studied the Pentagon Papers when they were first made and the more involved he became with it, the more opposed he’ve become towards it. His research showed there were many military miscalculations and lies told by politicians about United states involvement with Vietnam. He discovered that way before the war even happened many presidents were involved with Vietnam for several years without the people of the United States recognition. The papers revealed traces from 3 decades of government activity with vVietnam. The Papers also included top secret information which exposed everything they knew about the Vietnam War and that this major war was unwinnable. (Some argued that the United States wasere on the verge of winning but threw its chance for victory away because of negative press and a resulting failure of political will at home.) . OIn 1961 Ellsberg began photocopying the papers all 7,000 pages. He leaked some documents to the Members Of Congress but they didn’t go public so in 1970 he leaked the photographs to The New York Times and The Washington Post. Some of the stuff that came to the light was that in 1950 President Harry S Truman aided the fFrench military against Vietnam, in 1954 President Eisenhower sent military assistance to the fFrench in Vietnam, in 1961 President Kennedy adopted a broad commitment to the war in Vietnam after he told the people of the United States that U.S. involvement wouldill be very limited, and lastly in 1964 President Johnson took military action against North Vietnam and began planning war in 1964 a full year before the depth of U.S involvement was revealed to the public. After this released to the public in 1971, President Nixon obtained a court injunction and stopped the New York Times Ffrom Printing any more things that involve the government, Pentagon Papers, and people in high authority. He argued that publishing the Pentagon Papers would limit the president’s ability to guard National Security. The New York Times adthere to President Nixon’s restraining order but filed an appearl. Then on June 18, 1971 Katherine Grahm or Grahamnt, the head of T he Washington Post, published many articles containing the Pentagon Papers. Of course Nixon tried his hardest to ceased this from happening but the judge refused to grant an injunction. Both The New York Times and Washington Post went to the Supreme Court because of this incident but?)and?) the Supreme Court ruled in favor so both articles continued publishing more things about the Pentagon Papers. A few weeks later Daniel Ellsberg was indicted under The Espionage Act for leaking government secrets. He was almost sentenced to 115 years in prison but all charges dropped because evidence of government misconduct came to light. Even though the pPentagon pPapers included plenty of information it didn’t have details on Nixon’s conduct in Vietnam. He still remained very threatened by them. Nixon became anxious after all this went down and was so very threatened by Ellsberg that he created a White House convert special investigation unit on July 24, 1971. They were nicknamed â€Å"The White House Plumbers† because their initial assignment were to â€Å"fix leaks† in the White House. Members of the Plumbers included G. Gordon Liddy, a former FBI agent and E. Howard Hunt, a former CIA agent. John Paisley, a liaison to the CIA was also assigned to the Plumbers, John Ehrlichman, Egil Krogh and David Young worked closely with the White House Plumbers regarding their operations. There was also a group of Cubans who worked with the plumbers to create necessary distractions. John Ehrlichman, Nixon’s counsel and assistant in domestic affairs, supervised Kissinger’s assistant David Young and his assistant Egil Krogh – the two creators of the White House plumbers as they formed their stealth team. It was Young who coined the term â€Å"Plumber s† as his grandfather was a real plumber. Their very first task was to burglarize the office of Daniel Ellsberg’s psychiatrist, Dr. Lewis Fielding, and find any files or document that would paint him out as mentally illed or a dirty criminal. Nixon told his aide Charles Colson: â€Å"We’ve got a counter government here and we’ve got to fight it. I don’t give a damn how it’s done. Do whatever has to be done to stop those leaks.†¦ I don’t want to be told why it can’t be done.† Whatever damaging information the â€Å"Plumbers† can find on Ellsberg will be itself leaked to the press, Nixon says. â€Å"Don’t worry about his trial [referring to Ellsberg’s arrest on conspiracy and espionage charges. Just get everything out. Try him in the press†¦ leak it out.† Luckily the plumbers didn’t have any luck in finding these things they searched for. Another task the plumbers took on was bu rglarizing The Brookings Institute to create chaos and steal other important classified documents believed to store there. The Brookings Institute is a Washington think tank which Nixon believed had copies of the Pentagon Papers. A secret recording was exposed revealing Nixon and chief of staff HR hHaldemans conversation about breaking into the Brookings Institute. Nixon tells Haldeman: â€Å"I want the break-in. Hell, they do that. They have a lot of material. I want—the way I want that handled, Bob, is get it over. I want Brookings. Just break in. Break in and take it out. You understand.† Haldeman replies: â€Å"Yeah. But you have to get somebody to do it.† Nixon says: â€Å"Well, you—that’s what I’m just telling you. Now don’t discuss it here. You’re to break into the place, rifle the files, and bring them out.†then Haldeman says â€Å"I don’t have any problem with breaking in.† Nixon replies â€Å"J ust go in and take them. Go in around 8 or 9 o’clock. That’s right. You go in and inspect and clean it out.†¦ We’re up against an enemy, a conspiracy. They’re using any means. We are going to use any means. Is that clear?† The next day, Nixon repeats: â€Å"Get it done. I want it done. I want the Brookings Institute’s safe cleaned out.† The plan was way too expensive to operate so it never went through. Apart from the burglary, other Plumbers’ operations included Hunt’s and Liddy’s investigation into Teddy Kennedy Chappaquiddick incident and the Kennedy administration involvement in the assassination of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem respectively. By early 1972, the Plumbers were basically merged with the Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP or derogatorily as CREEP) whose dirty tricks to ensure Nixon would be re-elected in the upcoming election would go far beyond a fundraising organization fo r the president. This is how the Watergate break in came to be. The plumbers took on many duties but the most crucial one was the break in at the Democratic National Committee Headquarters in the Watergate complex in Washington D.C on June 17, 1972. The plumbers hired 3 Cuban exiles ( Bernard Bark, Virgilio Gonzales, and Eugenia Martinez) and 2 CIA executives (James McCord [who also was working for President Nixon’s Committee to Re-elect Nixon]and Frank Sturgis) to actually break in the complex and steal important documents and also bug the office phones. This was because when President Nixon was running for the re-election in 1972, the States was embroiled in the lengthy, bloody and unpopular Vietnam War (1955-1975) and deeply divided internally. Under such harsh political climate, a forceful presidential campaign was thought to help the president have an easier election than in 1968. Many â€Å"dirty-tricks†, therefore, were employed during his campaign including harassing the opponent (The Democrat’s) and bugging in thei r office. Before they could carry out the operation they were caught red handed by Security guard Frank Wills and taken into custody. They were carrying tools such as cameras, film, and a pen size tear gas gun (which all had been taken in and investigated). They were also found with a lot of clean money, 100 dollar bills and an address book with the name W.H Howard Hunt who as we know was deeply involved with the whole incident alongside Charles Colson (special council of the POTUS), Gordon Liddy (lawyer) John Paisley(CIA) and John Mitchell (attorney general). The media took a great part in further investigation. Two young news reporters of The Washington Post whose names are Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein dugigged deeper into the case and brought everyone involved to justice. They were given anonymous tips from a source called Ddeep tThroat who was later revealed as FBI agent Mark Felt. They concluded that the break-in and subsequent attempts to cover it up had a close connection with the Justice Department, the CIA, the FBI and even the White House. In October, the FBI discovered that there was a systematic and illegal spying and sabotage and that the break-in was just part of a larger campaign conducted on behalf of CRP leaderships against the Democrats. All this happened after Nixon claimed no one in high authority had been involved with the break in. Although those revelations could not prevent Nixon from being re-elected with a landslide victory in November 1972, a political storm was brewing up. More details came out when the plumbers faced trial in 1973. During the legal proceedings, one of them implicated the Nixon administration cover-up. He reported that the defendants had been paid to lie to protect government officials. Following some of Nixon’s aides’ testimony including former White House Counsel John Dean, it emerged that Nixon had been involved in efforts to cover up White House links in the Watergate break in and secretly taped every conversation that took place in the Oval Office. The shocking disclosure sparked a quest for the tapes by both the Senate Watergate Committee and Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox. In July 1973 the senate Watergate Committee issued a subpoena compelling Nixon to hand over several tapes but Nixon refused. He argued that having the tapes in his possession was â€Å"executive privilege†. After several months of fighting this battle Nixon ordered for Cox to be removed from the case. This led to the â€Å" Saturday Night Massacre† a protest occurring because of the firing of special prosecutor Archibald Cox and high-profile Justice Department resignations On March 1 1974, the so-called â€Å"Watergate Seven† including former Attorney General John Mitchell and Nixon’s six other top former aides were indicted on diverse charges related to the Watergate affair while Nixon was called â€Å"unindicted co-conspirator† by a grand jury. In July 1974 the Supreme Court ordered that the tape must be released to the sSenate. Nixon released the tapes on March 5th. One of the tapes named â€Å"Smoking Gunâ€Å" released and proved that Nixon in fact had ordered a Watergate cover up and had been involved since the beginning. In late July The House Of Judiciary approved three articles of impeachment against Nixon. They accused him of obstruction of Justice, abuse of power and contempt of Congress. Instead of facing trial Nixon resigned on August 8, 1974 (being the first president to do so). On August 9 Vice President Gerald Ford became the new President of the United States. In September he issued a presidential pardon for Nixon excusing him from all the crimes he committed while in power. Ford hoped this would help unify the country by putting the Watergate mess to rest. While the watergate Scandal was still unfolding, some argued that the response of Congress and the courts proved that no one, not even the president, is above the law. Some have seen the stuff of tragedy in all of this great men brought low. But the greater impact of Watergate was on us, on the loss of innocence for all but the most jaded and cynical among us. The American people revere and respect no one so more as their president, believing that even men of humble gifts rise to the challenge and grow in stature when the enter the White House. Richard Nixon showed that the office does not always transform the man, that the man can also lower esteem for the office. Watergate also fostered an air in cynicism about presidents and presidency’s. In 1973, 29 percent of Americans said they had a â€Å"great deal† of confidence in the Executive Branch and 18 percent had â€Å"very little†. By 1975, the percentages were reversed and by 1980, on 12 percent had â€Å"a great deal† and 30 percent had â€Å"hardly any† confidence.

An Organization Of My Interest - 1825 Words

ACC1021 Assignment One Introduction In this task I have chosen an organisation of my interest (Tesco) and I am going to provide the following details; †¢ A theoretical definition of an organisation (later applied to Tesco) †¢ Classification of Tesco †¢ Main functions of Tesco †¢ The three levels of decision making †¢ Stakeholders of the business †¢ A SWOT and PEST analysis of Tesco †¢ Recommendations A Theoretical Definition of an Organisation By definition an organisation is an organised group of people whom of which all have their own purpose and responsibilities all done to achieve one mutual goal, to succeed. In the book ‘Images of an Organisation’ the author shows how some organisations can be compared to the similarities of things such as†¦show more content†¦A business requires somebody to take charge and manage its parts (workers) so that it can perform to its potential and achieve its goals. The downside to machine organisations is that they do not perform well when it comes to change. When you look at most machines its parts are only intended to do specific tasks when you then try to make that part do something else it may be able to do it, however it won’t do it as well as it may be required to do as it has already been moulded and created to perform another task. Workers in machine organisations will have had a specific routine as to how they get the job done, when you ask them to c ome out of that routine they will not be able to perform as well as before. So say Tesco is a machine you look at one of their stores and in a way the store is a cog, the workers of the store are the bearings which allows said cog to rotate and to fulfil its role in the operation of the machine. If one of the bearings gets rust and can no longer perform its duties then said bearing will be replaced, as if a worker at your local Tesco couldn’t perform his duties he would be replaced with another who could. So you have all of these cogs (stores) in the machine (organisation) and if they are all doing what they are intended to do then the machine (organisation) would be operational and achieve its purpose/goals given of course that its operator (manager) knows how to operate it. Classification of Tesco (Profit or Non Profit) Tesco is definitely

Victor Borge A Classic Classical Comedian free essay sample

At age 82, Victor Borge is one of the oldest comedians still performing, and yet his humor remains fresh, clean and extremely entertaining. His recent performance at Symphony Hall made all that perfectly clear. Borges proficiency at keeping an audience on the edge of their seats, with his improvisational style and calm control, is a remarkable tribute to his wit and intellect. Entertaining an audience ranging from 2 to 82 years of age, Borge maintained a level of fun suitable for the young-at-heart of every age. He joked about love, sex, animals, food, old age, youth, and almost every other subject imaginable. One particular subject of humor separates Mr. Borge from other everyday comedians, however. Victor Borge plays the piano, and in fact is quite an accomplished musician, having performed in the past as a concert pianist. On this occasion, however, Mr. Borge took his knowledge of the keyboard and applied it to his knowledge of the funny-bone, and brought the crowd to a roaring ovation. We will write a custom essay sample on Victor Borge: A Classic Classical Comedian or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He performed charming improvisational compositions, which were constantly interrupted by slapstick antics, such as falling off the piano bench and having his left hand wander off while his right hand worked full pace at a challenging composition of an entirely different nature in order to play a silly rendition of Happy Birthday. At times Mr. Borge seemed half his age as he dashed about the stage during his slapstick routines, and one almost forgot that he wasnt. n

Judge Paper Boone V. Zoom Car Company Essay Sample free essay sample

Rapid climb Car Company is an car fabrication company. The company installs many extra supernumeraries and characteristics in its autos and amongst these is an onboard compass installed on the car’s splashboard which is manufactured by Corrigan Rulers Compasses and Slide Rulers Inc. Daniel Boone. a client of Zoom. purchased a auto from the company which unluckily had a defective compass installed in it. While seeking to happen his manner utilizing the compass one dark. he got lost and ended up driving into a offense prone country where he was dragged out of his auto and badly crush up. Daniel is actioning Zoom Car for medical costs originating out of his intervention disbursals. Issue: †¢ Is there a valid claim for rigorous liability on the portion of Zoom Car Company? †¢ Can Daniel’s hurts be linked to the faulty compass installed on his vehicle by Zoom Car Company? †¢ Could Daniel’s behavior be deemed negligent thereby be held partially responsible for his hurts? Law/Analysis Under the jurisprudence. consumers are protected from faulty and faulty merchandises through puting liability of the same to the makers and manufacturers. Strict liability normally arises when merchandises are found to be faulty when go forthing the maker and making the market ( Singer A ; La Fond. 2010. pg. 128-129 ) . Such defects can be categorized as fabrication or design defects and in other cases selling defects which occur when a maker fails to warn of possible dangers. Since the merchandise ( compass ) turned out to be faulty by supplying deceptive waies. fabricating and/or design defects can be made against it ( pg. 130-131 ) . Rapid climb Car Company should be responsible for thorough review of all its merchandises before they leave their duty. Here. the company must guarantee that all parts and extra equipment are in proper working order such that they will non do injury to the terminal user. In this respect so the company is notable of such a failure which had the unfort unate consequence of doing Daniel to acquire lost and later roll into a unsafe vicinity. The following issue is whether Daniel’s hurts can be linked to the faulty merchandise installed onto the car. The hurts suffered by Daniel can be straight linked to the faulty compass which he used to acquire his waies. upon which he ended up acquiring lost and rolling into a unsafe portion of the metropolis. It is from this latter fact that he sustained his hurts as the faulty compass failed to steer him efficaciously and he would hence hold non strayed taking up to his hurts. Negligent behavior on the portion of the complainant would originate if he used the merchandise wrongly or if he did non transport out any action sensible plenty to forestall the happening. In this case. Daniel apparently used the merchandise in the mode in which it ought to be used. nevertheless ; due to its faulty status he was unable to acquire right waies and ended up acquiring lost. Decision There is a valid claim for rigorous liability due to a fabrication and or design defect on the automobile’s compass. The faulty compass was installed onto the vehicle and appears to be the primary ground as to why Daniel got lost in the first topographic point. With this consideration in head. Daniel’s hurts can be seen to hold been as a direct cause of the faulty merchandise thereby doing the company apt under the theory of rigorous liability. Having considered this every bit good so. Rapid climb Car Company should be held apt for his hurts and should therefore wage for his medical cost and any other costs incurred as originating to Daniel as a consequence of the incident. Mention: Singer. R. A ; La Fond. J. ( 2010 ) . Condemnable Law 5th Ed. New York: Aspen Publishers.

Benefits of Nuclear Power Essay Example

Benefits of Nuclear Power Essay Example Benefits of Nuclear Power Essay Benefits of Nuclear Power Essay Only 30 years ago, nuclear energy was an exotic, futuristic technology, and the subject of experimentation. Today, nuclear energy is Americas second largest source of electric power after coal; more than 110 nuclear energy plants supply more electricity than oil, natural gas or hydropower taken together. Nuclear energy is a clean, safe, reliable and competitive energy source. It is the only source of energy that can replace a significant part of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), which massively pollute the atmosphere and contribute to the greenhouse effect. In view of the adverse effects of climate change and dwindling oil reserves, it is imperative to promote more efficient use of energy. There is need to employ renewable energies wind and solar – wherever possible, and adopt a more sustainable life style. But this will not be adequate to reduce the accumulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and satisfy the needs of industrialization and the aspirations of the developing nations. Presently, the national power generating capacity is about 3,000MWe. At current level, the per capita electricity generation in Nigeria is just about 30 We, some 30 times less than the 1kWe in South Africa. Conventional energy sources in the form of natural gas and fuel oil generate some 69% of the national capacity. The large hydropower stations at Kainji, Jebba and Shiroro have a combined installed capacity of 1830MWe, while the six other small hydropower stations located in various parts of the country have an installed capacity of 37 MWe. The National energy requirement is estimated at over 30,000 MWe. It is not likely that this will be met by the conventional sources presently available in the country. Nuclear power thus offers one of the most viable options that could make up for the shortfall. The Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission is effectively implementing a dedicated strategic plan to introduce 1,000 MWe into the national grid by 2020, and a gradual injection of another 3,000MWe within another 10 years. Probably, the most important cause of worry, all over the world, regarding the implementation of nuclear projects is that the public does not trust the safety of nuclear power plants. As a matter of course, all known power technologies have certain potentially negative aspects. Since it takes time and continuous dialogue to build and maintain trust, the general public must be systematically informed and educated on the issues entailed in our national nuclear power programme. An effective constructive engagement would therefore create better public understanding of the issues: the necessity, benefits and the safety of present day nuclear power project. It is worthy to emphasize that the implementation of a nuclear power project has both local and global impact. In this regard, the concerns of the population of the local environment as well as those of the neighbouring countries must be satisfactorily addressed to earn their confidence and consent. In this connection, the experiences of other countries would be invaluable, in addition to the three cardinal requirements of International Atomic Energy Agency. 2. THE BENEFITS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY Nuclear power is clean, safe, reliable, compact, competitive and practically inexhaustible. Today over 400 nuclear reactors provide base-load electric power in 30 countries. Fifty years old, it is a relatively mature technology with the assurance of even greater improvement in the next generation. 2. 1 CLEAN POWER GENERATION Nuclear energy is environmentally clean – it produces almost no carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides whatsoever. These gases are produced in vast quantities when fossil fuels are burned. Carbon dioxide is produced when fossil fuels are burned; it is one of the main gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, leading to atmospheric warming. Coal and oil contain sulphur impurities and when they are burned, sulfur dioxide goes up the stack, leading to acid rain. When any fossil fuel (coal, oil or natural gas) is burned, nitrogen oxides are also produced. These gases cause smog and atmospheric pollution. Nuclear fuel is pure (contains no sulfur), it is not in contact with the air (no nitrogen), and it produces no smoke or exhaust; the entire process is confined in the fuel element. 2. 2 NUCLEAR ENERGY PRICES ARE STABLE A country (or an electric company) can buy years of supply of uranium when the price is low; it doesnt take up much space and can be easily stored until needed. Most countries (or utilities) dont have space to store more han 3 or 6 months supply of fossil fuels. 2. 3 FUEL CYCLE AND SPENT WASTE MANAGEMENT One gram of uranium yields about as much energy as a ton of coal or oil the famous â€Å"factor of a million. † Nuclear waste is correspondingly about a million times smaller than fossil fuel waste, and it is totally confined. In the USA and Sweden, spent fuel is simply stored away. Elsewhere, spent fuel is reprocessed to separate out the 3% of radioactive fission products and heavy elements to be vitrified (cast in glass) for safe and permanent storage. The remaining 97% – plutonium and uranium – is recovered and recycled into new fuel elements to produce more energy. The volume of nuclear waste produced is very small. A typical French family’s use of nuclear energy over a whole lifetime produces vitrified waste the size of a golf ball. Nuclear waste is deposited in deep geological storage sites; it does not enter the biosphere. Its impact on the ecosystems is minimal. Nuclear waste spontaneously decays over time while stable chemical waste, such as arsenic or mercury, lasts forever. Most fossil fuel waste is in the form of gas that goes up the smokestack. Plans are afoot to establish a management facility for the conditioning, storage and disposal of low and intermediate level radioactive wastes in the country. Further, Nigeria intends to enter into appropriate bilateral agreements for her nuclear fuel cycle, and hopefully sign on to the multilateral nuclear fuel supply assurance networks that are being developed in partnership with IAEA. 2. 4 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS ARE COMPARATIVELY SAFE Nuclear power plants are comparatively safe, as proven by the record of half a century of commercial operation, and with the accumulated experience of more than 12,000 reactor-years. There have been only two serious accidents in the commercial exploitation of nuclear power: The Three Mile Island (TMI) in 1979 (in Pennsylvania, USA) and Chernobyl in 1986 (in the Soviet Union, now in Ukraine). The TMI was the worst accident one can imagine in a western power reactor. The core of the reactor melted down and much of it fell to the bottom of the reactor vessel. The radioactivity released was almost entirely confined within the reinforced concrete containment structure, the air-tight silo-like building which housed the reactor and was designed for that purpose. The small amount of radioactivity which escaped was quite innocuous. As a result, no one at TMI was seriously irradiated nor did anyone die. In fact, Three Mile Island was a real success story for nuclear safety. The worst possible accident thus occurred, a core meltdown, and yet no one died or was even injured. Chernobyl was different. The reactors at Chernobyl had no containment structure. The reactor’s faulty design made it unstable and Chernobyl was operated that moment in a way known to be dangerous. In the execution of a test, all the security systems were deliberately bypassed. An uncontrollable surge in power occurred leading to a steam explosion. The 600-ton graphite moderator then caught fire and burned for several weeks. The smoke carried more than half the radioactive fission products directly into the atmosphere where they were swept far and wide by the winds. Fewer than 32 persons died within a few months, and about 200 more were severely irradiated but survived. The inhabitants of the exclusion zone were also victims as they were hurriedly uprooted, evacuated and resettled elsewhere. On the contrary, coal mine accidents are common occurrences and often cause tens or hundreds of fatalities, reported in a day and forgotten the next, adding up to about 15,000 per year worldwide. The same may be said for oil field accidents. Oil tankers go aground or break-up; accidents occur in refineries, oil and gas platforms have been lost with all hands. Accidents in high pressure gas pipelines are not infrequent. Just one example among many others is the gas pipeline accident at Ghislenghien, Belgium on July 30, 2004, in which 21 persons died and 120 were injured. 2. 5 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS ARE COMPARATIVELY RELIABLE Nuclear reactors provide base-load power and are available over 90% of the time. Intervals between refueling have been extended while down time for refueling has been reduced. In the USA, these improvements over the years have been the equivalent of adding one reactor a year to the existing fleet. Most reactors are designed for a life of 40 years; many are reaching that age in good condition and extensions of 20 years have usually been granted. 2. 6 NUCLEAR RENERGY IS COMPETITIVE The cost of nuclear power is competitive and stable. The cost of nuclear fuel is a small part of the price of a nuclear kiloWatt-hour, whereas fossil fueled power, especially oil and gas, is at the mercy of the market. 2. 7 NUCLEAR ENERGY FUEL IS INEXHAUSTIBLE Uranium is found everywhere in the crust of the Earth – it is more abundant than tin, for example. Major deposits are found in Canada and Australia. It is estimated that increasing the market price by a factor ten would result in 100 times more uranium coming to market. Eventually we will be able to recover uranium from sea water where 4 billion tons are dissolved. 2. 8 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS ARE RELATIVELY COMPACT A nuclear power station is very compact, occupying typically the area of a football stadium and its surrounding parking lots. Solar cells, wind turbine farms and growing biomass, all require comparatively much large areas of land. . 9 PROMISING GLOBAL SCENARIO More than 400 nuclear power plants are operating in 25 countries around the world today, supplying almost 17 percent of the worlds electricity. In most countries, nuclear energy plays an even larger role as a source of electricity than in the United States. Many of these nations are building new nuclear energy plants to meet the needs of their growing populations and expanding economies. About 100 new nuclear energy plants are currently being built around the world. 3. 0 CONCLUSION The strengths of the national nuclear power programme are manifold: long term energy security, ready availability of nuclear fuels, capacity to mitigate the consequences of global warming, sustainable socio-economic development accruable from diversification of national energy energy mix, significant spin-off effect accruable from the application of nuclear technology in a wide variety of other sectors, nuclear energy is clean, inexhaustible, compact and has a broader life span, large water and land resources available for nuclear energy production, and enhanced safety, security and safeguards. The opportunities that would accrue to the nation from the deployment of nuclear power plants include: sustainability of power for national development, generation of requisite manpower to man nuclear power plants and the proliferation of other peaceful uses of nuclear energy, spin-off industries inherent in nuclear power programme, employment generation and poverty reduction, research, development and human capacity development, as well as mutually rewarding bilateral, regional and international cooperation agreements. All in all, nuclear energy has proven to be most beneficial to developed and emerging economies. If optimally designed, constructed, operated and maintained, nuclear energy is not only clean, but safe, reliable, durable and competitive.

Hemp Legalization essays

Hemp Legalization essays As I read over this article, I became more and more furious with the government. Ralph Nadar, the presidential candidate for the green party, talked about his plan to legalize the growth of commercial grade hemp, but the government showed how overbearing it is. One thing that the government said was that if the growth of commercial grade hemp did become legalized, then there would be so man rules and regulations on the growth of it that if would be virtually impossible to grow. The article mentioned that by legalizing the growth of commercial grade hemp, it would raise the economy of the U.S. by bringing in more money by producing stronger rope and more paper than and tree or plant. One fact that the article failed to mention that the growth of commercial grade hemp would produce more oxygen in the air and also make the ground more fertile in off seasons. The article shows that the government is just trying to find ways to keep the economy from booming and the environment from being clean. ...

Argumentative Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Argumentative - Term Paper Example This paper is an attempt to understand the vexed issue of gun control and the governmental interventions in this regard as they pertain to the ownership of guns. The paper starts off by framing the issue by explaining the deeply divisive nature of the issue and how it is corroding the political process with the acerbic stand taken by both sides. Then I examine the arguments for and against gun control and then I debate the issue further by stating my stand on the same. Finally, I conclude the paper with some remarks about the whole issue and an appeal for sanity and commonsense to prevail in these troubled times. The debate over Gun Control is primarily between those who cite the inalienable rights enshrined in the constitution with regards to individual liberty and the right of the individual to own whatever he or she desires if the transaction is in accordance with the law. This is the side of those who claim that they have a right to own guns and hence any attempts to snatch away these rights is tantamount to denying them the rights that are guaranteed by law. One the other side is those who call for elimination of guns and point to the increasing rates of crime and homicide as instances of ownerships of guns running amok. Since the issue is so divisive, it is pertinent to examine the literature surrounding it to establish the arguments put forward by each side. First, to start off, one needs to understand the issue and its centrality to American politics To quote from a book by a well known expert on the issue, â€Å"Few schisms in American life run as deep or as wide as the divide between gun rights and gun control advocates. Awash in sound and symbol, the gun regulation debate has largely been defined by forceful rhetoric rather than substantive action. Politicians shroud themselves in talk of individual rights or public safety while lobbyists on both sides make doom-and-gloom pronouncements on the consequences of

The Impact of Financial Crisis on Honda Research Paper

The Impact of Financial Crisis on Honda - Research Paper Example The descriptive method of research is adopted. Accordingly, Creswell (1994) stated that the descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. The emphasis is on describing rather than on judging or interpreting. The aim of descriptive research is to verify formulated hypotheses that refer to the present situation in order to elucidate it. For this study, the descriptive research method was employed in order to identify the impact of competence and sustainability in the automotive industry of Honda. This study looks at the success that Honda Corporation has had in managing social capital in its supply chain. Using self-report surveys from 120 participants at a Honda-sponsored supplier competition, researchers find that those people who participate in the quality-teams report that they are more satisfied with their work, feel that they improved the effectiveness of their company, and continue to offer suggestions to improve their supplier's o perations. Resources that are valuable especially human resources, rare, and can be exploited by the organization can produce sustained competitive advantage and earn above-average economic performance (Barney, 2001). A lot has been written about the value of people in organizations. Huselid and Becker (1997) found that a one standard deviation improvement in an organization's human resources system could increase shareholder wealth by as much as $41,000 per employee. Barney (2001) contends that successfully managing relationships can be a source of resource-based competitive advantage. But the financial crisis has crept into the auto companies and many of the giants like Honda and Toyota are facing the crisis with severe cuts in production, sales etc. Honda declared its shock withdrawal from Formula One of the global financial crisis, terminating an association which began in the 1960s. This has led to raising further fears over the sport's future (Source: http://www.asiaone.com). Honda Motor president Takeo Fukui made the announcement at an emotional press conference, repeatedly apologizing to fans, staff, drivers and F1 authorities. He said 2008 is Honda's last season. The Japanese carmaker will not provide its engines to any other teams (Source: http://www.asiaone.com). "This is a complete withdrawal. The future is a blank sheet," he said. "Five years from now, I think history will show we made the right decision" (Source: http://www.asiaone.com). Â  

Story of Cricket Essay Example for Free

Story of Cricket Essay At Old Trafford in 1956 Jim Laker produced one of the most famous individual performances ever in a Test Match, and one which will surely never be repeated. It was hardly surprising then, following that 19 for 90 in the Ashes deciding fourth Test, that publishers rushed to sign up the man who had enthralled the nation, and it was Frederick Muller Limited who secured the rights to publish Lakers autobiography. In the 1950s Mullers were one of the leading publishers in that field also, at various times, publishing books in the names of Colin Cowdrey, Trevor Bailey, Tom Graveney and Bill Edrich. Today there is no trace of the companys imprint, although its lineage can be traced through to current publishers Random House. In time Laker was to become a respected commentator and author in his own right but his three early books for Muller were ghost written. One, Over to me, that was published in 1960, was to cause a considerable furore, but the books were, generally, no more satisfying than similar books which appear today. The first book to appear bearing Lakers name appeared in early 1957 and was entitled Spinning Round the World. There is nothing remarkable about the content of the book and there are no compelling reasons for anyone to seek out a copy today, however there is one fascinating chapter, the final one, where Laker looks forward in order to speculate as to what cricket in the year 2000, forty three years on, might be like. The purpose of this article is to have a look at Lakers approach in order to see just how accurate or otherwise his predictions were and then for the writer to try and project the game forward again, this time, less ambitiously, to 21 years hence. To understand Lakers vision of the future it is necessary to know a little about the man himself and, more importantly, something of the state of the game when he made his predictions. Although Laker played his county cricket for Surrey, he was a gritty Yorkshireman. After leaving Surrey he also played briefly for Essex as an amateur but he was, throughout his Surrey career, a professional with all the typical attitudes and values of the northern professionals of that time. As far as the game itself was concerned England was very much the centre of the cricket world and the only country where there was a full time professional structure. Seventeen First Class counties would compete each year for the County Championship playing 28 three day games apiece. Only around half a dozen of them ever had any realistic aspirations to winning the title and there was no other domestic competition, so many games had little by way of a competitive edge. Overseas players had to acquire a residential qualification before they could play county cricket, and a decision to do so would end their international careers, so while there were overseas players in the English game they were not the top stars and English crowds only saw overseas Test players when they toured with their countries every few years. Test cricket was televised, but in grainy black and white, so in order to see the game properly supporters had to turn up at the grounds. In 1957 the English game was run by the MCC then, as now, a private club for gentlemen, and a similar organisation, the Imperial Cricket Conference, ran the world game. The abolition in the English game of the division between amateur and professional was, by 1957, inevitable but it was to be another six years before the distinction was finally consigned to sporting and social history. As far as the international game was concerned Test cricket had the great battles between England and Australia but for many years every other contest had been some way behind both in competitiveness and importance. South Africa had beaten England, in South Africa, on three occasions and once, in 1935, had defeated England in England but only once had they achieved even a draw in a series with Australia and, prior to 1952/53, had won but one Test against their Southern Hemisphere rivals. New Zealand in those days had never beaten England in a single Test and India had only ever won one match against England and that against what was effectively a second XI in 1951/52. Australia had only played New Zealand once, in a game so one sided they did not play them again for almost 30 years, and they had never been beaten by India. Only West Indies, who had comfortably beaten England in England in  1950, had changed the order of things and even they had failed to trouble Australia. In 1957 Pakistan had been the most recent addition to the family of Test playing nations and they had proved competitive, a great fast medium bowler, Fazal Mahmood, spearheading them to Test victories over England and Australia but the team as a whole was young and inexperienced and it was to be another 30 years before Pakistan would reach the top of the tree. It is also worth bearing in mind that in 1957 there was only one touring side to England each summer. Then, as now, Australia visited every four years as, since the war, had South Africa. There were therefore only two slots in the four year cycle for the other tourists and the 1950s saw nine years between New Zealand tours, eight years between Pakistani visits and seven years between those of India and the West Indies. A Test series then was four, or more usually, five matches. There were, of course, no one day internationals and the tourists would also play each of the 17 First Class counties once, and in the case of Yorkshire, Surrey and Lancashire usually twice, as well as a number of other First Class fixtures. Laker gave us two alternative visions of the future, one of which he was at pains to point out was not serious, but which is, when looked at overall, perhaps the most prescient. Laker saw the first Ashes Series of the 21st century as consisting of ten Test matches, his rationale being the extra funds generated by the ultimate form of the game. He saw the final Test still taking place at The Oval, and while the lifts to take ticket holders to their seats and the waitress service that Laker envisaged for spectators have not actually come about, the vast improvement in spectator comfort that he predicted has. As to the game itself Laker described players having numbered shirts and bowlers being allowed to make liberal use of substitutes to enable them to leave the field for a break after each spell. He also saw batsmen being allowed to take breaks within their innings, giving captains an American football style dilemma as to how best to arrange their batting order. It is certainly an interesting concept that a Paul Collingwood could be sent out to steady the ship after a couple of quick wickets fall only for him, having done so, to be able to take a rest while Andrew Fintoff comes out to blaze  away safe in the knowledge that if he falls early Collingwoods war of attrition can resume. Laker also predicted the increase in scoring rates in Test cricket which recent generations have delivered. We have not seen the ten ball overs that he foresaw, nor a rule that a batsman must score off at least three deliveries in each ten ball over or face a penalty, but we have seen the shortening of bou ndaries, albeit that has not gone as far as the complete standardisation at 60 yards that Laker felt the future would bring. Having set out that vision of the future Laker then took a step back, decided that the MCC and ICC were far too reactionary to countenance such changes and went on to outline a rather more conservative set of suggestions the majority of which have proved to be accurate. First and foremost Laker foresaw, although it was not difficult at the time, that the old order of the game, run as it was in large part by grandees and great industrialists, would have to change, and that former players and professional businessmen would have to have a hand in the running of the game. Irrespective of ones views on how those individuals who have found themselves in positions of power have performed there is no doubt that the game is much more professionally run than in the 1950s. As far as players are concerned, and Laker was only considering the English game here, he foresaw the dismantling of the archaic system of residential qualification for counties and predicted the dawn of the overseas player and a system of players transferring between counties and, which must have seemed farfetched at the time, the very recent concept of players going out on loan from one county to another. He also predicted, if not in so many words, the arrival of central contracts. As far as the laws of the game are concerned there has been little change since the 1950s and Laker did not anticipate anything revolutionary nor did he consider it necessary. This was a time when, despite its having been in the game for more than twenty years, the new LBW law that we have today was still controversial. Surprisingly, given that he was an off spinner, Laker was in favour of returning to the old rule whereby a batsman could not  be out LBW to a ball pitching outside the off stump, although it is clear it was not something that he expected to happen. One change that the following years did see, and which Laker considered essential, was the abolition of the old back foot no ball law which, at a stroke, eradicated the problem with fast bowlers dragging that was, by the time it changed, in 1969, a serious problem. Laker still believed, and this was the only feature he took from his unacceptable vision, that boundaries would become standardised. He deplored a state of affairs whereby a batsman could be caught in the deep on one ground and play an identical shot for six on another and keenly felt the inequity of this. Again this is perhaps surprising from a man who was a spin bowler and who spent many of his playing days on the wide open spaces of Kennington Oval with its long boundaries. Perhaps looking back to the controversies of the previous year Laker also foresaw a ground inspection panel to regularly inspect test and county grounds with a view to avoiding wickets being under prepared or otherwise unfit for the First Class game. Lakers final prediction was that the laws, or playing conditions, would contain provision for a fixed number of overs to be played in a day and that, after a number of gradual moves towards it, is now something we are used to. That it took so long to arrive is surprising and it took an infamous act of gamesmanship on the part of Brian Close, which cost him the England captaincy for the 1967/68 tour of West Indies, to secure the first move with the immediate introduction of a rule that 20 overs must be bowled in the final hour of a county championship match. The most significant development that Laker did not foresee, and indeed none of his generation did, was the introduction of single day matches with a limitation of overs to both sides, and to anyone looking back on the latter part of the 20th century that development must be viewed as the most significant step taken in the games evolution. Historically, a knockout cup between the First Class counties was mooted on a number of occasions,  initially as long ago as 1873, without any consensus ever being reached. What was usually discussed was a competition consisting of standard First Class matches, however no satisfactory mechanism for resolving the problems thrown up by drawn games was ever worked out. The possibility of one day cricket was considered, at some length, towards the end of the Second World War when the MCC was preparing for the resumption of the First Class game but was, effectively, dismissed out of hand. Two reasons were cited, firstly that a game of cricket limited by time or overs would be detrimental to the art and character of the game and, secondly, that captains would be encouraged to concentrate on preventing the batting side from scoring rather than from dismissing them. As the counties finances lurched from crisis to crisis in the 1950s discussions about a cup competition continued but it was not until 1961 that it was finally decided that a 65 overs per side cup competition was to be launched and as a result in 1963 the Gillette Cup was born and the rest, as they say, is history. So how will our great game look in 2030 as I approach my three score years and ten? I believe, like Jim Laker, that the game is fundamentally sound and little will change, at least insofar as the Test, First Class and List A versions of the game are concerned. There will, inevitably, be changes in the way that the game is umpired, and I have little doubt that in 2030 all potentially contentious umpiring decisions will be made instantly by technology and that the on-field umpires role will become a management function rather than a judicial one. I see little change to the laws of the game in prospect, although following the retirement of Muttiah Muralitharan and the hard line stance the Australians have decided to take on the doosra, I can certainly see that particular delivery being outlawed and consigned to history. I also expect the heartfelt plea put forward recently by Swaranjeet to result in the remit of the match referee extending to pitch preparation to ensure that the sort of tedious cricket that we saw for a large part of Englands series in the Caribbean earlier this year is not repeated. As for the domestic game in England I cannot see the 18 county structure  being dismantled but, given the success that central contracts have had in raising standards, I do think the amount of cricket played will inevitably and properly reduce so that players, and young and inexperienced ones in particular, have the opportunity to finely hone their skills in the nets rather than in match conditions. The above being said my expectation of the 20/20 game is that that will change considerably in the next 21 years. 20/20 will still be cricket but I believe there will be law changes that will remove it even further from the First Class game and I do think it will develop along the lines of the future that Jim Laker did not like the look of. I believe that LBW will end as a mode of dismissal in 20/20. It is far too complicated a law for casual viewers of the game and with it will be abolished the leg bye thereby, the legislature will say, adequately punishing the batsman for failing to lay bat on ball. I can also see greater rewards for batsmen who hit the ball further into the crowd and that we will end up with boundary eights and, perhaps, tens, as well as the traditional fours and sixes. I also believe, given the investment that some teams will make in the biggest names, that there will be an opportunity for batsmen to stay at the crease notwithstanding that they are dismissed and that captains will have to decide whether they want their star batsman to leave the crease or whether, on pain of a forfeit in terms of runs, they wish to leave him out there in place of a lesser batsman. I do not expect to be overly enamoured of this game as it changes but it will still be easily recognisable as cricket and as well as attracting a new audience to the game it will, I believe, spread the game around the world. I foresee that 20/20 cricket will feature in the Olympics in the near future and that it will be embraced by other nations in a way that the First Class game never will. In the 2030 20/20 World Cup I see the USA and Canada in particular providing strong opposition to the traditional test playing nations.

Till Death Do Us Part :: essays research papers

The status quo of marriage in American society, in some cases, is a moderately complicated issue. I do know, however, that before the marriage takes place there is an interlude called the dating period. In this dating period the two members of the couple attempt to get to know one another. This is the period where many people fall in love. This is also the period where many people realize that they are with the wrong person and have to start over with someone new. The dating process, which lasts for a sporadic interval of time, ends when one person in the couple offers a marriage proposal to the other. This agreement to marriage is a sacred bond of love and trust that proves to one's significant other that one will enter into an exclusive relationship with that person until they are parted by death. If the marriage proposal is accepted, the couple is pronounced engaged, or betrothed to one another, and they set a marriage date. During the engagement the couple exchanges rings as a sign of devotion. Once the wedding date reaches its destination, the couple then performs the marriage ceremony, which is a gathering of close friends and family to witness the marriage. This ceremony is performed in a church at the hand of a priest who then pronounces the marriage as holy matrimony. During the wedding ceremony there is another exchange of rings that show a symbol of the couples undying love for each other. After the wedding, the couple usually takes a trip called the honeymoon where they consummate the marriage by making love. This process is the norm for how people are married in American society. The problem with this system is that most people enter into the marriage for the wrong reasons and end up getting a divorce. A divorce is a legal dissolution of a marriage contract. The problem with divorce is that the marriage is supposed to be a contract that is supposed to last until someone in the couple dies; only then is the sacred vow broken. Otherwise, the couple is going against God's will. Defying God is not the only detrimental effect, however. More marriages in the United States end in divorce than in any other country in the world, and it can be seen throughout America's history. There is consensus that the overall U.S. divorce rate had a brief spurt after World War II followed by a decline. It started rising again in the 1960's and even more quickly in the 1970's, but leveled off in the 1980's only to begin a fluctuating increase that has lasted to the present. It is said that 40 or possibly even 50% of marriages will end in divorce if the current trends continue. Divorce would not be such a terrible thing

Progressive Movement Essay

The period from 1890 to 1917 in the history of United States is known as Progressive era. This period is marked by an all-encompassing and intensive change in all spheres of American life viz. political, economic and social. The progressive leaders with faith in the traditional American ideals of democratic government, individual liberty, rule of law and protection of private rights and property, felt that Gilded Age was marked by corruption. They further felt that due to the policies and practices of the previous regimes, a privileged wealthy class has been created that had plundered the national wealth and resources. Prof. Ekirch (1978) explored the profound intellectual factors behind the Progressive movement. He illustrates trans-Atlantic roots of this phenomenon that starts with Darwinism. He says in this regard that it was the transformation of â€Å"the Populist and Socialist ideas of the 1890s into an American version of the state socialism or social democracy† (p.34). Furthermore he considers it a response to industrialization of America and Imperialism invasion the world over. Still there is another viewpoint that postulates the theory that â€Å"the progressive movement never existed† (Filene, 1970. p.1) So these motives propelled them to create a new socio-political milieu to nurture the true American ideals. They wanted that majority of the people must be associated with the government and those ruling over the United States must be made answerable to the electorates. They also expected higher standard of professional morality and integrity from the officials. In the economic sphere they were alarmed by the growth of increased monopoly of a few entrepreneurs and exploitations of the farmers and working classes. These leaders from middle class pleaded for government regulation of big businesses to prevent exploitations pf the weaker sections. Stressing on the needs for reforms, Theodore Roosevelt said, â€Å"†No hard-and-fast rule can be laid down as to the way in which such work [reform] must be done; but most certainly every man, whatever his position, should strive to do it in some way and to some degree.† (Roosevelt) Most of the problems that Progressives wanted to tackle was an outcome of the industrial expansion and the political-industrial coalitions of the Gilded Age. During the Progressive almost every department of American life was overhauled and modernized. Thus Progressivism was a movement with â€Å"predominantly middle class objectives and viewpoint, deriving much of its support from small businessmen, farmers and professional people. The typical progressive leader was some lawyer, journalist or businessmen who, aroused by corruption or misgovernment in his own community, started a crusade to elect better men to office, and gradually came to the realization that what was needed was a reform of the system as well as a change of men.† ( Parkes, p.544) Broadly speaking the Progressive reformists fall in to categories. The first category consists of those who had its origin in the agrarian West and concerned themselves mainly with economic issues. The prominent among these Progressives were Henry George (author of Progress and Poverty), Edward Bellamy (author of looking Backward).the chief political spokesman of this category of Progressivism was Altgald and Donnelly, Brian and La Follette. The second category consists of those Eastern Progressives who addressed themselves to the problems like the tariff reform, merit system and anti-Imperialism. The predominant spokesmen of this category were Godkin, George William Curtis and President Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University. Its political spokesmen were Carl Schurz, Abram S. Hewitt and Woodrow Wilson. The Progressives also differed as to how the state should interfere to protect the weaker sections of the society. There were some Progressives like Theodore Roosevelt who held that the growth of business corporations were inevitable economic trend and governments should not abolish them. The government should merely concern itself with the regulation of their affairs. In short, they stood for greater governmental control over large enterprises and industrial units. To undo justices to the weaker sections and labor, they stood for extension of great privileges and compensations to the working classes as well as the strengthening of trade unions, which they believe would counteract the powers of big corporations and their corrupt practices. There was still another group of Progressive, supported by Woodrow Wilson, who emphasized the need of prohibiting monopoly, protecting small business and enforcing effecting competition. In other orders they were more in line with liberalism. The first battle of reforms were fought by the Progressives at the Municipal and state level. This was so because the states under American constitutional system had jurisdiction over almost all matters of social character i.e. working hours, wages of labor, conditions of workplace, welfare of women and children, education, health, suffrage etc. So it was in the states that most national reforms were initially tested at the rudimentary stages. Furthermore these states also served as the testing grounds for reformers who later undertook the reforms at the national level. Thus Roosevelt got his training at New York city and Albany. La Follett learned the economies of railway and trust regulation in Wisconsin and Woodrow Wilson earned the reputation of a great reformer as a liberal Governor of New Jersey. However, the most spectacular reforms in this period were accomplished at state Level by Robert Marion La Follette of Wisconsin (although the spade work for reforms at the state level was done John P. Altgald of Illinois and Hazen S. Pingree in Michigan). He consistently fought for the democratic ideals and was opposed to domination of Government by the business interests. During his Governorship, he gave concrete shape to his Wisconsin Idea†. He enlarged democracy through the direct primary initiative and referendum. He accomplished potation on campaigns expenditures, municipal home rule, civil service reforms and creation of bureau of experts to advise the administration. With a view to protect the people against exploitations by large business corporations, La Follette set up commissions to regulate Railway and other public utility services. He further enforced the law that compelled the rail companies and timber corporations to pay their share of taxes. Additionally, he introduced several reforms that changed the socio-economic set-up of the whole state. At the federal level, the Progressive movement set in with the inauguration of the President Roosevelt, who was the first of the three Progressive Presidents i.e. Taft and Woodrow Wilson. His first act to curtail the powers of the large organizations was epitomized through the suite against The Northern Securities Company in 1903. He introduced other legislative measures to breakdown the monopoly of the large corporations. Elkins Act of 1903, Hepburn Act of 1906 are only some examples.   Second major proponent of Progressivism at the Federal level was President William Howard Taft (1909-1913) who accomplished more progressive legislation than the Roosevelt. He introduced and enacted law to check corrupt practices during the elections. He dissolved ninety trusts under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (these trusts were saving huge taxes in the name of charity and were involved in certain illegal activities). He strengthened the cause of democracy when he propagated the idea of direct elections for the senators and introduced 17th amendments in the U.S. constitutions that provided for direct elections of the members of the Senate instead being elected by the State legislatures. Furthermore, he wanted to reduce tariffs because he felt hat the Dingley Act of 1897 was much too high and enabled the entrepreneurs to charge exorbitant prices. It is often alleged that Taft was not a true Progressive but it remains the fact that more progressive legislation was enacted during his presidency. Woodrow is the next in the row for progressive presidents. He introduced far-reaching economic reforms and adopted a number other progressive measure to capacitate the entire American spirit with purpose. Hs foremost priority was the revision of tariff and introduction of viable reforms. He was successful to get â€Å"The Underwood Tariff Act (1913) passed. Secondly, he introduced another Act to reconstruct the monetary and banking sector. He introduced certain other legislative measure to minimize the effect of Gilded Age[1]. Although his program of more progressive reforms were cut short but the outbreak or WW II but two more constitutional amendment (18th and 19th) became effective in his presidency.[2] Though Progressives could not bring about the revolutionary transformation of the political and economic system, yet it cannot be denied that through their reforms they tried to revitalize democracy and made the rulers responsible and accountable to the public. â€Å"Perhaps the best known results of this era are the 18th and 19th Amendments, Prohibition and woman suffrage respectively. But this legislation really came at the tail end of the period which has come to be known as the â€Å"Age of Reform.† The amendments were actually the byproducts of an immense social and political upheaval which changed forever the expectations of the role government would play in American society.† (PBS) The most important contribution of the progressive era was the change that they incorporated in the attitudes of the political and business leaders. In the subsequent years, the big business corporations could not completely ignore the public and their interests.   Although the Progressive era was a short one but it pioneered a new role for government.       References Ekirch, Arthur A. Progressivism in America. A study of the Era from Theodore Roosevelt to Woodrow Wilson. New York; New Viewpoints. 1974. Filene, Peter G. An Obituary for â€Å"The Progressive Movement†. American Quarterly. Vol. 22, No. 1(Spring, 1970). pp. 20-34 Parkes, Henry B. The United States of America—A History. New York, Knopf, 1959 PBS. The Progressive Era 1900-1918.Retrieved on March 07, 2007 from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eleanor/peopleevents/pande08.html [1] Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) and the formation of Federal trade commission to reduce the unfair methods of trade are some other measures. [2] 18th Amendment of U.S. Constitution the process of introduction of Prohibition was completed whereas 19th Amendments granted the right of vote to the women on equal terms with men.

Hawthorne Studies

This essay will review the writings of â€Å"Hawthorne, the myth of the docile worker, and class bias in psychology† an article by D. Bramel and R. Friend. It will then go on to further critique academic articles that both support and disagree with the primary source and demonstrate how the Hawthorne studies have influenced contemporary organizations. The Hawthorne experimental studies conducted at the Western Electric Company Works has attracted considerable amounts of sharp critical scrutiny; it has practically â€Å"become an intellectual battle† (Miner, J. 006. p. 68) as it has been interpreted in various ways. The studies basically concluded that social and psychological factors are responsible for workers productivity and job satisfaction. Many psychologists, sociologist and critics attack the research procedures and criticize the analyses of the data and their conclusions. Bramel and Friend (1981) are a classic example of those exact critics who consider the Hawt horne studies to be contradictive, distorted and overall undeserving of receiving recognition and respect for their research.Bramel and Friend’s main aim in the article however is to â€Å"show not simply that Mayo’s conclusions were unrealistic and politically reactionary† but to alternatively demonstrate that there is â€Å"bias at the level of interpretation of the available data† (p. 868) and how this had a negative influence in effecting the results, due to the assumption that their workers can be manipulated and fooled with ease (p. 869). There are many other critics that strongly support the views and opinions presented by Bramel and Friend in regards to the Hawthorne studies and how they consider the research to be insufficient and misleading.The article â€Å"Shining New Light on the Hawthorne Illumination Experiments† by M. Kawa, M. French, and A. Hedge (2011) reinforces the arguments that feature in Bramel and Friend’s work. Like them they agree that the studies performed at the Western Company Works provided inconsistent evidence and that all experiments conducted including the results were seriously flawed. Basically they conclude that the inadequacies in the experimental designs tell an incomplete and sometimes inaccurate story and show the inconsistent associations between working conditions and productivity. p. 546) The article â€Å"Questioning the Hawthorne effect† shares the exact same views that were established in â€Å"Hawthorne the myth of the docile worker†. It argues that the data collected from the experiments had never been analyzed rigorously, no systematic evidence was implemented and the inconsistent ways in which the experiments were executed has lead to a misleading interpretation of what happened. (â€Å"Questioning the Hawthorne Effect†, 2009, p. 74)Another article that strongly disapproves of the Hawthorne studies is A. Carey’s article â€Å"The Hawthorne Studies: a Radical Criticism†. In Carey’s (1967) opinion the research conducted is nearly absent of scientific merit and the conclusions drawn are supported by so little evidence that it’s basically inappropriate that the studies have gained a respected place within scientific discipline and have held this place for so long. (p. 403) However Carey does believe the importance of the studies is actually declining.In his opinion later studies are struggling to display any â€Å"reliable relationship between the social satisfaction of industrial workers and their work performance†(p. 403). Carey criticizes Mayo’s approach, research and assumptions and claims that his reports are completely bias and invalid. He states that the â€Å"Statistical analysis of the relevant data did not show any conclusive evidence in favor of the first hypothesis† (p. 405) which makes it extremely difficult to develop a correct conclusion.Although there are critics th at attack the Hawthorne studies and downplay the work of Mayo and Roethlisberger there is also many others that completely support the research conducted and believe it has been of crucial importance and consider it to be a â€Å"major intellectual building block of organizational behavior† (Miner, J. 2006. p. 68. ) A. Brannigan and W. Zwerman’s (2001) article â€Å"the Real Hawthorne Effect† completely disagrees with the arguments that were presented by Bramel and Friend. Their article in contrast strongly supports the Hawthorne studies and emphasizes just how valuable they.Brannigan and Zwerman actually view the studies as being â€Å"the single most important investigation of the human dimensions of industrial relations in the early 20th century† (Brannigan, A. Zwerman, W. 2001. p. 55). They recognize the fact that the Hawthorne studies have received harsh critical disapproval over the decades due to potential flaws in the research and experiments cond ucted. However Brannigan and Zwerman are able to look past that and purely see the innovative ideas that grew around these studies.They express that â€Å"the main idea should not be undermined by these shortcomings† and that sometimes the actual idea itself is more meaningful then the evidence on which it is based. (p. 59). B. Reiger’s article â€Å"Lessons in Productivity and People† also disagrees with the negative statements that are directed towards the Hawthorne studies. Reiger’s article aims to show how the studies executed had an enormous influence in the way managers and supervisors now interact with their employees.Which in result has positively affected worker productivity, Due to implementing a less mechanical view and paying more attention to the human influences within the workplace. Not only does Reiger (1995) view the studies as being critical to the positive change in the company and employee relationships but they also â€Å"provided so me clear insights into industrial operations and psychology, personal management, organizational development and human resources† (p. 58).Overall his intention is to show how the studies contributed to the improvement in manager and employee relationships by providing the employees with respect, attention and recognition will then in turn increase their productivity and efficiency. C. Hall (1984) further backs up the views of Reiger in his article â€Å"Hawthorne Effects- Still a Potent Supervisory Tool†. Although the experiments were conducted decades ago Hall still believes that they still have practical value today. (p. 6).Hall concludes that employees respond with greater job efficiency when they sense that they are being observed or â€Å"regarded as important valued members of an organization† ( p. 6) and that The behavioral approach can positively affect performance, group dynamics, encourage cooperation and overall increase work satisfaction. The Hawthorn e Studies and the behavioral approach has played a major role in shaping todays organizations, from the way manager interact with their employees, the way they use open communication and the way they design motivating jobs we are able to detect elements of the behavioral approach (Robbins, S. Bergman, R.Stagg, I. Coulter, M. 2012. p. 54) Telstra’s call centers are a classic example of a contemporary organization that has been influenced by the Hawthorne effect and the behavioral approach. Within the center they have managers, supervisors and team leaders that create a working environment that aims to provide a premium employee experience. More specifically their job entails implementing and executing programs, supervising and motivating their workers to ensure that they are effectively completing their tasks and meeting objectives and to basically respect and pay attention to their staff in order to establish good relations and co operation.The efficient supervision that take s place within the factories has definitely been influenced by the Hawthorne studies. They have recognized through the Hawthorne studies that subtly observing the workers and making them feel like a valuable member of the company keeps them motivated which in result maximizes employee productivity. The Hawthorne studies has played a fundamental role in the progression of organizational behavior and influenced the positive change in the relationship between managers and their employees.Although there have been flaws and inconsistencies in the ideas, research and conclusions that were developed they are still extremely influential. The results emphasized the value of group dynamics, interaction and applying a humanistic management approach. These factors overall are a crucial force of producing greater effectiveness and productivity in employees. Although there are critics that have attempted to crush the importance of the Hawthorne studies through their harsh criticisms it still has done little to shake the essential validity and influence of the research. (Miner, J. 2006. p. 67) References Bramel, D. & Friend, R. 1981). Hawthorne, the Myth of the Docile Worker, and Class Bias in Psychology. American Psychologist. 36,8,867-878. Brannigan, A. & Zwerman, W. (2001). The real â€Å"Hawthorne Effect†. Society, 38(2), 55-60. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM GLOBAL. (Document ID: 65713065). Carey,A. (1967). The Hawthorne Studies: A Radical Criticism. AmericaSociologyReview, 32,3,401-416. Finance and Economics: Light Work; Questioning the Hawthorne Effect. (2009, June). The economist. 391(8634),74. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM GLOBAL (Document ID: 1740340161) Hall, C. (1984). Hawthorne Effects- Still a potent supervisory tool. Supervision, 46 (10), 6.Retrieved from ABI/INFORM GLOBAL. (Document ID: 1322247). Izawa, M. French, M. Hedge, A. (2011). Shining new light on the Hawthorne Illumination experiment. Human Factors, 53,528. Retrieved from Academic Research Library. (Do cument ID: 2532057371). Miner, J. (2006) Organization Behavior 3: Historical Origins, Theoretical Foundations and the Future. America: ME Sharpe. Reiger, B. (1995). Lessons in productivity and people. Training and development, 49 (10), 56. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM GLOBAL. (Document ID: 7011573). Robbins, S. Bergman, R. Stagg, I. Coulter, M. (2012) Management: 6th Edition. Sydney: Pearson Australia Group.

Identify a particular multi agency safety initiative Essays

Identify a particular multi agency safety initiative Essays Identify a particular multi agency safety initiative Essay Identify a particular multi agency safety initiative Essay Identify a peculiar multi-agency safety enterprise and sketch the legal and policy context. Domestic force has been defined as that which occurs between current or former confidant spouses and involves force this can include fiscal, physical, emotional or sexual maltreatment ( Walby A ; Allen, 2004 ) . Domestic force is now considered a major hidden job ; recent British Crime Survey estimates province that about 9 % of work forces and 13 % of adult females are its victims. ( Walby A ; Allen, 2004 ) . Despite these figures, it is believed to be a well under-reported offense. This essay will analyze the rates of domestic force in the Barwell country of Leicestershire and a multi-agency enterprise that has been put in topographic point to counter it. Barwell is one of the four towns which make up the Borough of Hinckley A ; Bosworth in South West Leicestershire ( Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership, 2004 ) . Crime information has been gathered for this borough under the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, which requires responsible governments to transport out audits of offense and upset every three old ages. Crime statistics for Barwell show that compared to the other towns in the country, the figure of offenses is comparatively high. In peculiar, the figures for the burglary of homes and those for assaults from 2004 show they are both more than 40 % higher than the norm in the country ( Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership, 2004 ) . Overall degrees of offense have, nevertheless, remained at about the mean degree in the Barwell country between 2001 and 2004. Within the figures for assault are included the figure of incidents of domestic force. The Numberss recorded for Hinckley A ; Bosworth Borough have been steadily increasing from 2001 ( 625 incidents ) to 2004 ( 781 incidents ) ( Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership, 2004 ) . Local governments have assorted legal duties to undertake these rates of offense, along with those in other countries. Two relevant to this treatment on domestic force are the Best Value Performance Indicator and the Local Public Service Agreement ( Local PSA ) . In the Local PSA on domestic force, certain points are agreed between the authorities and the local authorization. Once these are agreed, the authorities provides support in assisting local governments achieve peculiar purposes. On domestic force, Leicestershire County Council has agreed four chief marks ( Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership, 2004 ) . First, a 15 % addition in the figure of incidents of domestic force reported to the constabulary [ 1 ] . Second, a 7 % decrease in the figure of repetition victims. Third, a 22 % decrease in the figure of victims abjuring their charges. Finally, a 400 % addition in the figure of culprits finishing the Core Perpetrator Programme. The 2nd of import index at a policy degree is the Best Value Performance Indicator ( ODPM, 2004 ) . For domestic force this is a step of the figure of refuge topographic points available per 1000 of the population. Some jobs have been encountered in ciphering the exact degree of this index, as the Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership ( 2004 ) study points out. This mark is, hence, due for alteration, but will affect increasing entree to assist and advice. In order to turn to some of these duties one peculiar multi-agency enterprise that has been implemented is the Domestic Violence Common Monitoring Project ( DVCMP ) . The job that this addresses is that different bureaus have recorded small or no information about the degrees of domestic force happening in the country. There was besides small consistence across the information that was collected. The DVCMP has a figure of purposes. The first is to roll up informations in a consistent mode so that it can be shared between bureaus efficaciously. The 2nd provides a model for the analysis of this information. Third, the DVCMP purposes to supply information to other bureaus about their findings. Finally, the DVCMP purposes to increase the degrees of service proviso for both culprits and victims. Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership ( 2004 ) study that 27 different bureaus have contributed informations towards the undertaking. Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership ( 2004 ) do it clear that one of the chief purposes of DVCMP is to increase the recorded cases of domestic force. Outline the theories which underpin the peculiar enterprise. In order to understand the importance of monitoring degrees of domestic force it is necessary to analyze the research that has been carried out nationally to put it in context. The British Crime Survey provides information on the overall degrees of domestic force suffered, Walby A ; Allen ( 2004 ) explain their survey found every bit many as 5 % of work forces and 24 % of adult females had suffered domestic force at some point in their lives. Within stalking and torment, 12 % of work forces and 19 % of adult females had been victims at some point. Looking at the more serious facets, 7 % of adult females had been the victims of a serious sexual assault, while 1.5 % of work forces had. Walby A ; Allen ( 2004 ) highlight the fact that it is mostly adult females who are the victims of the most serious domestic force. Of those who suffered repeat-victimisation, classified as four or more incidents, 89 % were adult females. One of the most dramatic facets of the research is the manner in which domestic force is perceived by the respondents. Walby A ; Allen ( 2004 ) found that 94 % of work forces and 64 % of adult females did non believe the incident which research workers considered to be domestic force, was in fact domestic force in their ain position. There was, nevertheless, a tendency that when a adult female had been repeatedly victimised, it was more likely they would see this as domestic force. Domestic force is clearly a major job ; Walby A ; Allen ( 2004 ) underline the chief grounds. Domestic force can take onto depression, particularly in those who have suffered the worst types of force, such as colza. Time off work besides frequently consequences from incidents of domestic force. Walby A ; Allen ( 2004 ) found that of those adult females who had suffered domestic force, 21 % were forced to take clip off work. These secondary points aside, victims were frequently found to hold suffered serious physical hurts, with 6 % of adult females enduring terrible hurts and 20 % enduring moderate hurts. It has been estimated that domestic force in England and Wales costs ?23 billion each twelvemonth in emotional and human agony, employer and province losingss ( Walby, 2004 ) . One of the facets of cut downing domestic force is take downing the associated costs to society in general. These can non be calculated unless the sum of domestic force is accurately monitored. Crisp A ; Stanko ( 2000 ) point out that the Audit Commission ( 1999 ) calls for a greater concentration on garnering monitoring informations. While informations is frequently already being collected, it is non being done in the right manner. One illustration of jobs that have been seen in roll uping informations is described by Plotnikoff A ; Woolfson ( 1998 ) . These research workers examined the manner in which 42 of the 43 constabulary forces in England and Wales collect information on domestic force. At the most basic degree, considerable fluctuations were found between the ways in which constabulary forces defin ed domestic force. This has clear deductions for describing with it being hard to compare and aggregate figures obtained from each force. Plotnikoff A ; Woolfson ( 1998 ) besides found serious jobs with the manner forces dealt with information about domestic force such that incidences were under-reported and inside informations could non flux easy between persons. Further, information about old incidents of domestic force were non routinely used or made available. In add-on, domestic force was non perceived as a high-status type of job and hence there was small precedence afforded to it. This degree of confusion was besides seen elsewhere when Crisp A ; Stanko ( 2000 ) carried out their research into local governments. They found that while there was a demand for farther information on domestic force, there were few efforts being made to roll up informations. Crisp A ; Stanko ( 2000 ) point out that it is hard to mensurate any sort of betterments, or so debasements in degrees of domestic force, unless a baseline degree can be ascertained. Neither the cost-effectiveness nor the pertinence of enterprises can be judged until these figures are obtained. Research looking at the effectivity of different types of intercessions against domestic force has been carried out by Hester A ; Westmarland ( 2005 ) . The writers point out, likewise to Crisp A ; Stanko ( 2000 ) , the jobs with different types of informations from different beginnings across the intercessions they evaluate. In these Crime Decrease Programmes ( CRPs ) , even though Home Office counsel was provided for the type and construction of the information required, there were few undertakings that met these criterions. One of the major jobs was utilizing anonymised informations so that peculiar adult females could be tracked across different bureaus. Without this tracking information it was clearly hard to determine the result of many instances. From this experience Hester A ; Westmarland ( 2005 ) do a figure of recommendations about the manner in which information should be collected. These included the thought of holding traceable information, anonymised alone identifier s, and carefully mensurating alterations in rates of different types of domestic force. Identify the deduction of the enterprise for the community paying peculiar attending to diverseness and favoritism. Returning to the audit carried out by Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership ( 2004 ) , it can be seen that the thoughts stemming from the research measuring intercessions have been implemented. This is peculiarly apparent in Phase 2 of the DVCMP. This involves the usage of a database instead than manual signifiers to collate information. One of the chief betterments in the enterprise is the usage of Unique Identifiers attached to each victim of domestic force. This is created from the personal inside informations of the victim, but attention is taken to guarantee that it is anonymised. Further, the system takes into history the figure of times a individual gets into contact which, hence, is a better step of the job every bit good as the resources required to cover with it. As a consequence of this enterprise, so, some really utile baseline statistics have already been collected for the Hinckley A ; Bosworth Borough country. The overall figures show a general rise in the figure of incidents of domestic force reported in the country ( Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership, 2004 ) . As indicated earlier, this has increased from 628 in 2001 to 725 in 2004, although unfortunately information about the earnestness of these incidents has non been collected. Similarly information about repetition exploitations is besides non available. There is, nevertheless, information signifier the County degree. Here it was found that 94 % of victims in Leicestershire were female. The most common age for exploitation was in the scope 25-34. Analyzing diverseness and favoritism, the information showed that 87 % of the victims of domestic force were described as white . This information, nevertheless, was hard to construe as it could merely stand for the ethn icity in the country. Further information is provided by Leicestershire County Council ( 2006 ) on favoritism and diverseness. They compare the 12 % of those enduring domestic force being in the Black and Minority Ethnic ( BME ) group with the per centum of those from BME backgrounds in the overall Leicestershire population of 7.2 % . This may propose some over-representation of those from a BME background in victims of domestic force. They besides report that 9 % of victims had disablements which, it is argued, is an under-representation compared to 15.5 % of the population with long-run modification unwellnesss. The informations clearly showed the importance of multi-agency work, nevertheless, as 54 % of victims were either referred to, or referred from another bureau ( Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership, 2004 ) . Further, 65 % of the victims had contacted an bureau for the first clip. There was besides a steady addition seen in the figure of incidents of domestic force that were reported to the constabulary. It is estimated by Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership ( 2004 ) that merely about 40 % of all incidents of domestic force were reported. This suggests that there is some manner to travel in assisting victims of domestic force to describe and cover with the incidents. Does the enterprise address the demands of the groups which make up the local community. Identify the ways in which these could be addressed. Turning now to how this enterprise has addressed the demands of the community in Barwell, it is clear that this undertaking is still in an early stage. Research has highlighted the importance of holding some baseline degrees of domestic force decently documented so that intercessions can be evaluated. Nevertheless, Hester A ; Westmarland ( 2005 ) reexamine some of the intercessions that have been found to be utile. Womans can be encouraged to unwrap domestic force through the usage of undertaking workers with the necessary preparation in covering with the issues involved sensitively. This can be done for illustration in the class of everyday questions ( Department of Health, 2000 ) . Possible over-representation of victims of domestic force with BME backgrounds can be addressed by increasing Numberss of workers with the relevant linguistic communication accomplishments and cultural sensitivenesss. Further, Hester A ; Westmarland ( 2005 ) point out that strong belief rates can be in creased by supplying greater support to victims of domestic force through the tribunal system. Repeat exploitation could be addressed, Hester A ; Westmarland ( 2005 ) found, by aiming services specifically to the demands of adult females. This could include, for illustration, the proviso of terror dismaies and place security systems. Interventions that have begun to be used in the Hinckley A ; Bosworth Borough country are reported by Leicester Partnership Against Crime A ; Disorder ( 2005 ) . Along with the DVCMP, a domestic force coordinator has been appointed and domestic force response undertakings have been initiated. Besides, developing battalions have been produced for usage in secondary schools. Finally, services for victims have been promoted on an one-year footing in order to raise consciousness. Leicester Partnership Against Crime A ; Disorder ( 2005 ) besides province some hereafter aims which include supplying culprit intercessions and advancing different options for victims of domestic force. In decision, it is clear that domestic force presents a job whose graduated table it is hard to estimate. Research information collected nationally suggests, nevertheless, that it is significantly under-reported. One of the major jobs in presenting effectual intercessions is mensurating their public-service corporation. This can merely be done with accurate baseline informations. The DVCMP purposes to roll up this information utilizing alone and anonymised identifiers. While the local community of, for illustration, Barwell, will so far have been small affected by these alterations, future intercessions will trust on these baseline steps for estimating their effectivity. As such, they provide necessary stipulations for farther enterprises such as dedicated undertaking workers and greater grasp of cultural issues for those community members from BME backgrounds. Mentions Crime and Disorder Act ( 1998 ) London: The Stationery Office. Crisp, D. , Stanko, B. ( 2000 ) Reducing domestic force What works? Monitoring costs and measuring demands, Home Office Briefing Note. London: Home Office. Department of Health ( 2000 ) Domestic Violence – A resource manual for wellness attention professionals. London: Department of Health. Hester, M. , Westmarland, N. ( 2005 ) Undertaking Domestic Violence: effectual intercessions and attacks Home Office Research Study 290. London: Home Office. Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership ( 2004 ) Hinckley A ; Bosworth Crime Disorder A ; Drugs Audit 2004. Leicestershire: Leicestershire County Council. Leicestershire County Council ( 2006 ) Community Safety Plan 2006 2009. Leicestershire: Leicestershire County Council. Leicester Partnership Against Crime A ; Disorder ( 2005 ) Community Safety Strategy April 2005 to March 2008. Leicestershire: Leicestershire County Council. ODPM ( 2004 ) Best Value Performance Indicators 2005/06: Consultation Paper. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. Plotnikoff, J. , Woolfson, R. ( 1998 ) Patroling Domestic Violence: effectual organizational Structures. Police Research Series Paper 100. London: Home Office. The Audit Commission ( 1999 ) Safety in Numbers: advancing community safety. London: The Audit Commission. Walby, S. ( 2004 ) The Cost of Domestic Violence. London: Womans and Equality Unit/DTI. Walby. , S. , Allen, J. ( 2004 ) Domestic force, sexual assault and still hunt: Findingss from the British Crime Survey. Home Office Research Study 276. London: Home Office. 1

Art and Artists essays

Renaissance/Ideas/Spread/Art and Artists essays Discuss how the Renaissance ideas are expressed in the Italian art of the period, referring to specific works and artists. The Renaissance was a rebirth or renewal of many of the classical ancient Greek and Roman beliefs. The Renaissance began in the city-states of Italy, the center of trade in Europe. Many wealthy merchants and bankers became patrons of the newly developing styles and ideals of Renaissance art. Many of the renewed classical Greek and Roman ideas such as Humanism, Individualism, Secularism, and Realism were expressed through the Italian art and the artists interests and influences of the period. The dominant intellectual movement of the Renaissance was humanism, a philosophy based on the idea that people are rational beings. It emphasized the focus on the individual, his potential and his achievements, an emphasis that was central to Renaissance developments in many areas. Humanism originated in the study of the ancient Greek and Roman classics, which soon led to a new-found interest in learning, and the promotion of a new educational curriculum that emphasized the humanities. Michelangelo (1475-1564) , Italian painter, sculptor, architect, and poet was a humanist and was brave enough to follow ancient Greek and Roman beliefs of showing the human body in its purest, most natural form-nude. A technique first used by Donatello since ancient Greek and Romans. Donatello was the first Renaissance artist to sculpt a nude statue. Donatellos sculpture David was of a man with a very feminine, not at all muscular body. Contrast to Donatellos interpretation of David, Michelangelo al so sculpted a David with a very muscular and well-proportioned body. One of Michelangelos best known creations is the sculpture David (1501-1504) . This 17 foot tall marble statue shows an alert David waiting for his enemy Goliath. You can see Michelangelos detail in Davids features ...